Strings

Example Problems

The following examples demonstrate common string problems. These examples aim to help you better understand string manipulation before proceeding to create a text-based adventure in the next section.

Example Problem 1

Write a function:

Function to Extract First Name (Header)

std::string get_first_name(std::string full_name)

This function accepts a string full_name, representing a person’s full name in the format "last, first middle". It returns the person’s first name. For example, calling get_first_name("Machetti, Mario John") should return "Mario".

Solution 1 for Example Problem 1

std::string get_first_name(std::string full_name) {
    std::string::size_type space_position = full_name.find(" ");
    std::string first_and_middle = full_name.substr(space_position + 1);
    space_position = first_and_middle.find(" ");
    std::string first_name = first_and_middle.substr(0, space_position);
    return first_name;
}

Solution 2 for Example Problem 1

std::string get_first_name(std::string full_name) {
    std::string::size_type space_position = full_name.find(" ");
    full_name.erase(0, space_position + 1);
    space_position = full_name.find(" ");
    full_name.erase(space_position);
    return full_name;
}

Example Problem 2

Write a function:

Function to Count Substring Occurrences (Header)

int count_substr(std::string str, std::string substr)

This function returns the number of times the string substr appears within the string str. The occurrences of substr in str are allowed to overlap. For instance, calling count_substr("ooo", "oo") should return 2, as the middle "o" is part of both occurrences.

Solution 1 for Example Problem 2

int count_substr(std::string str, std::string substr)
{
    int count = 0;                // Tracks the number of occurrences found
    std::string::size_type cur_position = 0;  // The starting position for each search

    while (cur_position != std::string::npos) {
        std::string::size_type position = str.find(substr, cur_position);

        if (position == std::string::npos) {
            // No more occurrences found; end the loop
            cur_position = position;
        } else {
            // Found an occurrence; increment the count
            count++;
            // Update cur_position to search for the next occurrence
            cur_position = position + 1;
        }
    }

    return count;
}

Solution 2 for Example Problem 2

int count_substr(std::string str, std::string substr)
{
    int count = 0; // Tracks the number of occurrences found
    std::string::size_type cur_position = 0;  // The starting position for each search

    // Using assignment within the loop condition for efficiency
    while ((cur_position = str.find(substr, cur_position)) != std::string::npos) {
        // Found an occurrence; increment the count
        count++;
        // Move to the next position to allow overlapping matches
        cur_position++;
    }

    return count;
}

These examples illustrate different approaches to solving string-related problems in C++, showing how to manipulate strings effectively and efficiently.

Text-Based Game

Create a text-based game that runs in the terminal. The content of your game is entirely up to you, as long as it remains appropriate. Your game must meet the following requirements:

1. User Interaction: Your game must prompt the user for actions using std::cout.
2. Input Handling: Each user action must be read as a string using getline(std::cin, some_string_variable).
3. Input Validation: The program must verify the validity of each user action. For example, if the program asks the user to enter “north” or “south,” it should ensure the input matches one of those options.
4. Handling Invalid Input: When the user enters an invalid action, the program must notify them with an appropriate message and prompt them again. This will require the use of loops.
5. Dynamic Storyline: The game’s storyline must evolve based on the user’s chosen actions. You’ll need to use conditional statements (e.g., if statements) to implement this behavior.
6. Multiple Prompts: The game must include at least three distinct prompts, each with its own set of valid actions. Note: The user doesn’t need to encounter all three prompts in a single playthrough. Some actions may end the game before all prompts are reached.

Here are some example runs of Alexander Guyer’s text-based game:

Example Run 1

./a.out
You wake up and find yourself in a desert. You feel weak and nauseous.
There appears to be an oasis in the distance. What do you do?

Type "walk toward oasis" to walk toward the oasis, or "walk into desert"
to walk away from the oasis, deeper into the desert:

drink water

That's not a valid action!

Type "walk toward oasis" to walk toward the oasis, or "walk into desert"
to walk away from the oasis, deeper into the desert:

walk toward oasis

You begin stumbling toward the oasis... After hours of walking,
the oasis appears just as far away as when you started.
You're dehydrated, but you've stumbled across a desert cactus.
What do you do?

Type "walk toward oasis" to continue walking toward the oasis.
Type "drink cactus water" to drink water from the cactus.

drink cactus water

You drink the cactus water. It tastes acrid.
Even worse, cactus water is apparently not meant for human consumption.
You feel weak...
Your legs give out, and you pass out in the hot desert sand.

Game over.

Example Run 2

./a.out
You wake up and find yourself in a desert. You feel weak and nauseous.
There appears to be an oasis in the distance. What do you do?

Type "walk toward oasis" to walk toward the oasis, or "walk into desert"
to walk away from the oasis, deeper into the desert:

walk into desert

You feel uneasy about the oasis, suspecting it to be a hallucination.
You turn around and walk deeper into the desert.
After hours of walking, you come across a well-kept road running from
north to south, but you see the peak of a building emerging on the eastern
horizon. You feel dehydrated, and you're probably too exhausted to reach
it... What do you do?

Type "go east" to fight the odds and walk through the sand toward the building.
Type "go north" to walk north along the road.
Type "go south" to walk south along the road.
Type "lay down" to lay down in the middle of the road.

lay down

You recognize that you're nearing your limits.
You choose to lay down in the road to conserve energy,
hoping that help will arrive soon...

Your decision pays off.
A caravan of merchants arrives from the north, apparently on their way to
sell their wares in a distant town to the south.
They offer you water and escort you to safety.